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And, for a leadership recently experiencing a flurry of high-profile defections, what does the latest test mean about stability in Pyongyang?
A T-test of independent variables was used to test mean evaluations.
Fig. 4 Overall comparison on knowledge test mean scores obtained at School C Charles (pseudonym): I am a slow learner.
The test mean squared error (MSE) of those conditions ranges from 0.0428 to 0.0532 for calculation of the second dimension hold-up time for GC × GC data.
Statistical data processing was performed using parametric (t test, mean and its standard error) and non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon test, Spearman rank correlation) (Borovikov and Borovikov 1998).
The percentages were compared, as appropriate, with the X2 test or Fisher´s exact test, mean the t-test and medians with the Wilcoxon test for independent groups.
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To estimate the effect size of the increase from pre-test to post-test and pre-test to delayed post-test within each treatment, we calculated Cohen's d [ post-test mean − pre-test mean)/(pooled SD)] (Cohen 1988).
No significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test mean scores for the surface approach to learning (p ⩾ 0.05).
‡Difference calculated as post-test mean use minus pre-test mean use.
Subtracting the expected pre-test mean (Equation 5) from the expected post-test mean (Equation 6) should elicit the same expected RTM effect as that derived in Equation 1 (as will Cσ 1-ρ)).
P-values were calculated by: Independent two sample t-test (mean ± SD); Chi-square test (number [percentage]); and Mann-Whitney U test (median [IQR]).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com