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We used Tajima's relative rate test [ 45], as implemented in MEGA3.1, to test for rate variation between two TFIIAγ genes using Ananas comosus as outgroup.
A relative rate test was performed with the software k2WuLi [ 54] in order to test for rate heterogeneity in the sequences.
We also used simulations to assess whether categorical treatment of branch length differences is an appropriate method to test for rate heterogeneity when a relative rate test does not reject rate constancy.
UPGMA assumes a molecular clock operating equally among all species, so deviation from this requirement in terms of obtained branch lengths, and possibly also well-established phylogenetic relationships, provides a useful test for rate asymmetries.
Given that ITS1 and ITS2 are currently among the only sequences available to test for rate heterogeneity among a wide sampling of plant taxa, it is essential to assess the statistical power of rate heterogeneity tests based on ITS sequences.
To test for rate homogeneity (i.e. the existence of a molecular clock), we compared the likelihood of the ML unconstrained tree with the likelihood of obtaining the same topology when enforcing a molecular clock, using a likelihood ratio test (LRT) [ 69].
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Assays to test for rate-limiting diffusional encounter of O2 utilized a fixed CTAD788 826 concentration of 80 μM (∼ KM CTAD)) and saturating concentrations of FeSO4 (25 μM), αKG (100 μM), and ascorbate (2 mM), with the exception of the addition of sucrose (25% w/w) to the 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.00, to give a relative visocisty of η/η0 = 2.4.
The tests were carried out by applying the noninferiority test for rates according to Farrington and Manning at a 1-sided significance level of α=2.5%.
A battery pack consisting of seven QL0700I cells in series, with a battery management system (BMS) connected, was tested for rate capability as well as safety protection.
A Ni Zn cell consisting of one thick nickel and one thick zinc electrode was tested for rate performance in comparison with the 670 mAh accordion-fold cell.
Although our data consisted of presence-absence codes, we tested for rate asymmetry by coding the data as 'standard' rather than as binary.
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