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If there was a statistical significant difference in base characteristics between the music group and the control group, linear regression was used to test for confounding.
A 15% change in β was used to test for confounding.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to test for confounding relationships between demographic variables and the objective knowledge percentile scores.
We did this within a generalized linear model (GLM) structure [ 65] by applying a natural spline smoother as a sensitivity test for confounding.
Wilcoxon rank sum test was also used when comparing real-time RT-PCR results from CD inflamed smokers and never-smokers, and regression analyses were used to test for confounding factors as age, gender, and years with disease.
Testing lung function in the lung cancer cases (performed within 3 months of diagnosis, in the absence of pleural effusions and prior to surgery) allows us to test for confounding by COPD (see below).
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All variables were tested for confounding since they were not effect modifiers.
For the cholesterol analyses, we included continuous BMI as a covariate, and tested for confounding by continuous serum albumin.
Patient's baseline rating of functional limitations was also tested for confounding in the relation between agreement on pain intensity and change in pain at follow-up.
Smoking and BMI were tested for confounding effects but, because neither was significant, we did not include them in the final analyses.
Alcohol indicators were tested for confounding effects by jointly introducing them into the model and examining beta coefficients: a change in beta coefficient greater than 10% was considered to be a source of confounding.
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