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The current study tested satiety responses (characterised by changes in appetite and later food intake) to both a covert 200 kcal reduction and an addition of maltodextrin to a soymilk test beverage.
Noncompliance (defined as the cumulative consumption of test beverages <80% or 5 consecutive days without the consumption of a single serving of the test beverage) led to automatic withdrawal from the study.
Subsequently, a 75-g oral glucose (glucose tolerance test beverage, Fisher healthcare, Curtin Matheson Scientific, Houston, Texas, USA) tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the plasma glucose level was measured 2 hours later (2hPG).
On each visit, vascular studies of the macrocirculation [flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)] and microcirculation [laser Doppler measured at the hand (reactive hyperemia following forearm ischemia)], measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood draws were performed at baseline (T0) as well as 90 (T90) and 180 min (T180) following the test beverage.
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The test beverages were cola, orange soda, lemon soda, and sparkling mineral water.
In addition, for investigating the influence of beverage type on the evaluation function, we select green tea and a carbonated beverage (Coke) as test beverages.
Ten males randomly consumed test beverages in a cross-over design over the period of 4 weeks, one beverage per week.
The experimental group was further divided into 4 subgroups of 5 teeth each, and each subgroup was exposed to 1 of the test beverages in a thermocycling apparatus.
All participants were instructed to substitute test beverages for food or other beverages usually consumed.
The remaining nine subjects followed the inverse sequence of test beverages (second sequence).
Further, Experiment 2 showed that this difference was greater in participants who were familiar with our test beverages, indicating a role for learning.
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