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Figure 3 shows a tertiary process where residual oil saturation exists.
In this case, a supposed tertiary process becomes the first stage; this can also apply where the secondary process is skipped.
The results showed that higher ultimate oil recovery is achieved when carbonated water is injected as secondary technique compared to tertiary process.
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) as a tertiary process employs microorganisms and their metabolites to reduce the residual oil saturation of the reservoir mainly through interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability alteration.
The total antibiotic removal efficiencies depended mainly on the tertiary process, with average removals of 97.9% by reverse osmosis, 93.0% by ozone oxidation, and 84.2% by powder activated carbon adsorption when combined with conventional sludge-based wastewater treatment.
The degree of treatment range from basic process such as individual septic tanks (ISTs), oxidation ponds, stabilization ponds, primary and secondary processes for heavily polluted waste to polishing process (advanced or tertiary process) for removing the trace concentrations, which remain after the main treatment (Gupta et al. 2000; Heritage et al. 2003).
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When the intended receiving water is very vulnerable to the effects of pollution, secondary effluent may be treated further by several tertiary processes.
Based on the desired outcome, they are primary, secondary, or tertiary processes.
Oil produced from secondary and tertiary processes is mostly in the form of oil in water emulsions, which is an inherent characteristic of the extraction process itself.
Finally, the separated wastewater is treated in the cellar by applying primary, secondary, and tertiary processes and is then used for gardening, irrigation, and landscaping.
Pressure transient tests can provide useful information for characterization and evaluation of reservoirs under secondary and tertiary processes if they are properly designed and analyzed.
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