Chl c-containing plastids are the result of at least one secondary endosymbiotic incorporation of a rhodophyte, and tertiary events involving a plastid of rhodophyte origin [ 5, 7, 8].
Most folds owe their origin to compressional movements, which affected the area during the Late Cretaceous Early Tertiary tectonic event.
The Zagros Mountains of the Kurdistan region (NE/Iraq) are a spectacular example of the Cretaceous obduction/subduction processes and the Tertiary orogenic event.
However, unlike the fucoxanthin plastid, the dinotom plastid has remained practically unchanged since the tertiary endosymbiotic event [29].
In addition, some dinoflagellates are thought to have replaced their plastids with new plastids from other lineages, including an environmentally important group (fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates) that have incorporated a haptophyte as a plastid in a tertiary endosymbiotic event [ 17].
Secondary and tertiary outcome parameters included hospital length of stay, need for and duration of organ support, 28-day and 60-day mortality, as well as adverse events.
The timing of this evolutionary blip coincides with the so-called Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, when some scientists believe a catastrophic asteroid impact killed off the dinosaurs.
So far, as many as 11 primary, secondary, and tertiary symbiotic events have been identified (see [12]).
It is thought to be a driver of morphological change [1], has been implicated in the origin of the flowering plants [2], and may have had a role in the differential survival of lineages at the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event [3].
The loss of endosymbiont mitochondria in virtually all known examples of secondary and tertiary endosymbiotic events suggests retaining two mitochondria is either unnecessary or even deleterious.
The spinose condition in planktonic foraminifera evolved within the genus Eoglobigerina in less than 100,000 years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event some 65 million years ago.
