This is particularly important when assessing the potential of alternative admission or older applicants who may possess maturity shown to be positively associated with tertiary programme completion [ 36, 48].
If military service causes a break in the educational career, it is likely that more time will be needed for completion of tertiary education and might therefore reduce the probability of enrolment and completion of tertiary education.
In addition, completion of tertiary education might be a route for avoiding military conscription.
Figure 3 Completion of tertiary education of males by birth cohort adjusted for time trend.
The vertical bars are based on a regression of completion of tertiary education on birth cohort adjusted for a quadratic function of age.
Positive effects of military conscription on completion of tertiary education have been reported for France (Maurin and Xenogiani 2007), for the US (Card and Lemieux 2001) and for Germany (Bauer et al. 2014).
For instance, military service seems to decrease educational attainment in the UK (Buonanno 2006) and Italy (Cipollone and Rosolia 2007 1 but increase completion of tertiary education in Germany (Bauer et al. 2014), France (Maurin and Xenogiani 2007) and in the US (Card and Lemieux 2001) because of draft avoidance behaviours.
This is due to the fact that variables such as prior learning experiences, cognitive ability and relevant for differences at tertiary level literacy skills at completion of secondary education cannot be accounted for with PIAAC.
Based on the original data for EU statistical regions, all four Scottish regions ranked below some other parts of Europe in completion of tertiary-level education by 25 64-year-olds 25 64-year-olds 25 64-year-olds7.9% for Scotland; 62.5% for includingdon).
Documented determinants of CAM use by pregnant women include completion of tertiary-level education and the use of CAM prior to becoming pregnant [ 4].
