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French physicist Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau was the first to succeed in a terrestrial measurement in 1849, sending a light beam along a 17.3-km round-trip path across the outskirts of Paris.
To this end, a comparison of settlement measurements using existing terrestrial measurement methods is suitable (Schindler 2014).
Of the latter point, several very precise terrestrial measurement methods representing the state-of-the-art are available, nevertheless, these procedures are time and material consuming.
Using Eq. 2, a common reference point (x0, y0) is first transformed to a positional vector for the terrestrial measurement ( overrightarrow{l_{TER,j}} ) and the PS measurement ( overrightarrow{l_{PS,l}} ).
Today, the state-of-the-art in settlement or deformation monitoring relies on classical terrestrial measurement methods and devices, for example water level gauges, levelling or measurements with tachymeters (Kavvadas 2005).
According to equation (1), the deviations ∆PS,ij (with i = 1 to n; j = 1 to m) are computed as a component subtraction between the satellite-based measurements m PS,i and the corresponding adjacent "exact" temporal and spatial terrestrial measurement ( {tilde{X}}_{TER,j} ).
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The first terrestrial measurements were made in 1849 by Fizeau and a year later by Foucault.
Inventories of temperate forests of Central Europe mainly rely on terrestrial measurements.
Robotic Total Station Trimble S8 was used for precise terrestrial measurements of railway track built on ballast-less track construction to diagnose the track behaviour under traffic loading.
The new instruments could be developed using the experience and heritage from recently developed systems, like the Rosetta Lander thermal conductivity experiment MUPUS and existing designs used for terrestrial measurements of thermal conductivity.
The height of any point on earth, as determined by a global positioning system (GPS), is based on the World Geodetic System of 1984 datum, but when using classical terrestrial measurements this height is based on the geoid.
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