The Federal Reserve can control short-term interest rates, but long-term rates, which determine mortgage costs, depend largely on bond traders' expectations of the government's future borrowing needs.
It has since focused on further reducing long-term interest rates — which determine the cost of most kinds of borrowing — largely by convincing investors that short-term rates will remain near zero.
Investors have responded by bringing down long-term interest rates, which determine the cost of mortgages and many other loans, even as they have bid up stocks.
Long-term interest rates, which determine mortgage rates, rose slightly before the central bank began raising the overnight rate in June 2004.
The Fed is focused on communication because it wants to reduce long-term interest rates, which determine the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers, but it exerts direct influence primarily on short-term interest rates.
The model allows also to obtain all constitutive rheological relations ("equations of state") which determine terms of those equations as functions of unknown variables and physical parameters.
The vector 𝜗 includes the first four terms of a d,22 which determine benefits or prioritisation, ρ 0 and ρ 1, which determine the cost structure and the ratio (Z/bar {k}) that determines degree of capacity restriction.
Profiles of pressure, velocity gradient, and local mass transfer rate on the surface of a sphere in a close packed cubic array are interpreted in terms of visual studies which determine the singularities of the limiting streamlines.
A physical model is proposed, based on the concept of nano-fluctuations of interaction energy described in terms of quasipoint defects, which determine the molecular mobility through hierarchically correlated movements.
