But growth and output are running in excess of what the Fed considers their trend, or the sustainable long-term pace, and this will eventually drive up costs throughout the economy, he said.
Complete AV conduction block is typically treated by implanting an electronic pacemaker device, although long-term pacing therapy in pediatric patients has significant complications.
Thus, short-term pacing was associated with dyssynchrony during pacing and a slight decrement in ventricular function that normalized immediately after cessation of pacing.
An alteration in repolarization after short- or long-term pacing is termed cardiac memory, a phenomenon described in larger animals such as dogs and humans (29, 31, 32).
Transvenous ventricular pacing (VP) has been traditionally performed from the right ventricular apex (RVA) because of the ease of pacing electrode positioning and the long-term pacing stability.
To determine whether short-term pacing influenced synchrony of cardiac contraction, we examined mice prior to and during pacing using echocardiography.
Since short-term pacing in Cx43+/− mice results in significant prolongation of refractoriness, we investigated whether pacing of Cx43+/− mice might also affect systolic performance.
In the setting of decreased Cx43 expression, short-term pacing results in significant prolongation of refractoriness, as well as changes in APD and Iss.
Cardiac memory has not been reported previously in the mouse model and in our study was not evident in wild-type mice after short-term pacing.
We have recently shown that short-term pacing in the mouse is associated with changes in connexin43 (Cx43) expression and localization but not with increased inducibility into sustained arrhythmias.
Thus short-term pacing in Cx43+/− mice, but not in wild-types, was associated with significant changes in cardiac refractoriness and repolarization.
