Assets such as roads, railways, pipelines and flood embankments are inherently vulnerable to the action of weather and in the long term, climatic change.
The primary objectives of Sentinels are the investigation of the initiation and evolution of solar transients in the inner heliosphere, the acceleration and propagation of solar energetic particles, and the long term climatic change and structure of the inner heliosphere into which all of these geo-effective structures erupt.
Moreover, because all salt lakes are dependent on a climatic balance, they are a great deal more sensitive to long-term climatic changes than are freshwater lakes.
Historical climatologists tell us that the long-term climatic changes of the little ice age were exacerbated by the frequency of El Niño episodes (20 of them between 1618 and 1669), which brought summer wind and rain to England.
The meteoric origin, recharge timing and resilience of the groundwater to short-term climatic changes have been described (Wirmvem et al. 2014a).
Impact of those catastrophic factors on the environmental evolution was conspicuous against the background of long-term climatic changes, often concealing influence of the latter or reversing temporarily the direction of natural development.
Heavy rainstorms which devastated much of Egypt, and were described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I, have been attributed to short-term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption.
Since the CIMIS network was only established in 1982, it is not very suitable for analyzing long-term climatic changes.
From this perspective longer-term climatic change operates in a 'top-down' manner.
The long-term climatic change in precipitation and temperature patterns is most likely to increase the frequency of droughts and floods (World Bank 2010).
However, we postulate here that the combination of a flat, low-lying landscape along with higher precipitation during the mid-Holocene resulted in this area being relatively insensitive to short term arid climatic changes and aeolian activity.
