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In which force range is the tension sensor module applicable?
Specifically, we used strains expressing a tension sensor module (TSMod) inserted into the coding sequence of the unc-70 gene.
Application of pN forces by an optical trap allows a detailed analysis of tension sensor module unfolding under force and, importantly, refolding when tension is reduced.
Next to the in vitro calibration of the tension sensor module, its functionality after integration into the POI needs to be validated.
Furthermore, effects of tension sensor module integration into the protein of interest (POI) need to be carefully evaluated and the FRET experiments must be properly controlled.
A tension sensor module calibration using optical tweezers typically involves purification of the protein from bacteria or eukaryotic cells, followed by its functionalization and linkage to DNA handles, which are then attached to micro-beads.
Once a target protein has been identified, it is necessary to carefully evaluate whether the tension sensor module can be inserted into the POI without significantly affecting its function.
A critical step in the development of a genetically-encoded biosensor is the insertion of the tension sensor module into the POI; quite obviously, this involves the risk of altering the target protein's function.
81 Such a single-molecule calibration has been successfully used to determine the force sensitivity of the flagelliform peptide, 23 but can also be employed to investigate the force response of a complete tension sensor module including donor and acceptor fluorophores (Fig. 3b) (unpublished observation, C. Grashoff and M. Rief).
In addition, we provide a theoretical framework for the design of additional tension sensor modules with adjusted force sensitivity.
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