Open image in new window Fig. 4 Definition of the effective tension area.
The numbers 4, 6, and 8 indicate the number of #22 longitudinal reinforcement bars within the tension area of the beam section.
When the specimen being pulled, the entire destroy cross section is in tension stress state, meanwhile the initial micro-cracks expand and the effective tension area decreases, which lead to a significant reduction in tensile strength.
Ten full-scale coped steel I-beam tests were conducted to examine the effects of two main test parameters, namely, out-of-plane loading eccentricity and web block aspect ratio (ratio of shear area to tension area).
The test parameters included the aspect ratio of the clip angles, the web shear and tension area around the clip angles, the web thickness, beam section depth, cope length, and connection position.
Epoxy bonding of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets to the tension area of steel girders improves the ultimate load carrying capacity and stiffness of the member while reducing the stresses and extending the fatigue life.
Although the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) can be efficient in strengthening critically stressed tension area, its benefit in improving the fatigue life of open-hole details has not been extensively evaluated.
This paper describes an advanced numerical model to predict the fire behaviour of blind-bolts in the tension area of endplate connections between I-beams and concrete filled tubular (CFT) columns.
kern-0pt} {A_{text{c,eff}} }}), where (A_{text{c,eff}}) is the effective tension area, i.e., (A_{text{c,eff}}) is the area of concrete surrounding the tension reinforcement of depth (h_{text{c,eff}}), where (h_{text{c,eff}}) is the smallest of (2.5(h - d)), ((h - x)/3), or ({h mathord{left/ {vphantom {h 2}} right.
The research results indicate: 1) the stress deficit of zero stress areas and tension stress areas occurred within the range of stimulated reservoir volume during the process of volume fracturing.
