This lack of representativeness has clear implications for the external validity of trial findings, as well as for the common tendency to extrapolate trial data for commissioning purposes (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2003; Murthy et al, 2004; Cronin et al, 2005; Vickers, 2008; Estey, 2009; Friedberg et al, 2009).
Overall, the relationship between neural activity and the tendency to abort trials does suggest that the amygdala represents threats as well as rewards within a spatial framework.
The monkeys' tendency to abort trials more often when an air-puff could occur indicates that the threat of an aversive outcome impacted behavior.
This oil is very viscous (3109 mPas); it did not show a tendency to emulsify in clinical trials, and it is well tolerated.
The lines show a tendency to increase for most trials, revealing more adverse events in the active treatment group, in agreement with the published result of the meta-analysis.
From therapeutic orientation to altruism: The " therapeutic orientation " of randomized controlled trials substantiates the tendency to justify patients' participation in randomized controlled trials based on the therapeutic benefits that they may derive from participating in such studies.
The counterexamples to RCT offered in §§4.3 4.4 suggest strongly that the appeal of RCT depends on our curious tendency to take independent identically distributed trials, like the Bernoulli process of fair coin tossing, to be paradigms of chance processes.
However, since the male/female distribution generally was equal among treatment groups, we find no tendency to gender bias in the trials.
Interestingly, elderly patients randomized in the INITIATIVE trial showed a tendency to greater effectiveness of ivabradine relative to the overall study population, in contrast to atenolol (Tendera et al. 2006).
Indeed, for both the relevant and irrelevant conditions, the overall tendency to produce dynamic gestures on the first trial was exactly the same - around 10% of trials showed dynamic gestures (see Table 2).
