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The six point scale was adopted with a view to avoiding central tendency effect when respondents answered the questionnaire items (Dornyei & Taguchi, 2011).
As a part of the overall tendency effect, the gender-specific HRD-tendency effect explained 90% of the gender difference in HRD.
The overall composition effect contributed 4% of the gender difference in HRD, whereas the overall tendency effect accounted for 96%.
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This tendency effects budgets, ads, career opportunities, books produced and marketed, to name just a few examples.
This kind of scales produce central tendency effects on panelist, which reduces the options to a 7-point scale (Villanueva et al. 2005).
This is a novel study that estimates quantitatively the separate contributions of sets of factors underlying composition and tendency effects to explain the gender differences in HRD.
The overall HRD-tendency effect was again decomposed into a "pure HRD-tendency effect" and a "gender-specific HRD-tendency effect".
The gender-specific HRD-tendency effect explained 90% of the gender differences in HRD in Korea.
Notably, the gender-specific HRD-tendency effect accounts for 90% of the gender difference in HRD.
A pure HRD-tendency effect denotes contributions associated with gender differences in HRD-tendency due solely to socio-economic characteristics.
A gender-specific HRD-tendency effect represents contributions due to gender differences in gender-specific constant terms.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com