Yang (2006) highlights the differences between the target-earning and life-cycle motivations of temporary migrants, emphasizing that if the aim is to attain a certain level of savings, the improved conditions in the origin country – such as an increase in wages – should entail shorter overseas stays.
Second, and most importantly, an individual that has a higher present bias effect tends to be more likely to smoke, because he or she emphasizes present utility (such as temporary stress relief).
Japan's central bank, however, made the mistake of emphasizing that these purchases were only temporary and would be reversed at the first signs of the proverbial "green shoots" of recovery.
Rwanda was an extreme example, but many camps -- which host countries tend to build on the border to emphasize their temporary nature -- become recruiting zones or rest stops for combatants.
"Moreover, despite the exaggerated language claiming that this is radical," he said, the Bank of Japan "is apparently acting reluctantly and de-emphasizing the temporary nature of the measures, which is likely to limit the impact.
The BLS could echo such efforts, emphasizing in their survey instructions the responsibility to record injuries among temporary workers and augmenting the survey forms to ease the reporting of these incidents.
For one thing, management and labor have a more cooperative relationship, emphasizing on-the-job training and avoiding layoffs by substituting wage freezes or temporary shorter work weeks.
These recommendations reflect the rationale of the rating scheme and encourage upstream over downstream intervention efforts, first emphasizing material factors, then process, with human interface intervention recommended only as a temporary stopgap measure.
And, as these temporary or speculative establishments are becoming more obscure, specific, and innovative, they are also more heavily emphasizing the experience of how we are dining.
But in emphasizing Mr. Obama's opposition to a permanent extension, the White House has signaled openness to a temporary one, though whether for one year or more remained unclear.
