The improvement of visual function persisted after treatment, showing that the learning was more than a temporary adaptation, thus providing evidence for cortical plasticity in human adults [ 8– 11].
However, our results highlight a novel mechanism whereby AR may contribute to the progression to this phenotype by allowing for temporary adaptation to cellular stress.
Moreover, there is consensus that available psychotropic agents are not "disease-modifing" and are rather symptom suppressing an/or providing only for temporary adaptation.
This study reveals a novel mechanism whereby maintained AR signalling promotes temporary adaptation to cellular stress and in turn may contribute to the evasion of prostate tumour cell death.
In conclusion, repeated exposure of bacteria to certain microbicides in vitro can result in decreases in antimicrobial susceptibility that may be transient or sustained, probably resulting from temporary phenotypic adaptations or the selection of stable genetic mutations, respectively.
Readily reversible changes in susceptibility may result from temporary phenotypic adaptations, such as the induction of stress responses (35, 36) and changes in envelope composition (37) or efflux pump expression (22, 38, 39).
Therefore, adaptation involves longer-term shifts in livelihood strategies, while coping involves temporary adjustment in response to change or to mitigate shocks and stresses on livelihoods (Eriksen et al. 2005; Migosi et al. 2012).
Unlike adaptations that involve long-term shifts, coping responses are more reactive and mainly involve temporary adjustment of livelihood activities in response to drought.
In this context, autophagy can promote survival by allowing for temporary cellular adaptation to unfavourable conditions; however, upon chronic insult, this process can contribute towards cell death.
Thus, our current study exemplifies that ecological speciation in this and other systems, in which extreme environmental factors drive speciation, may be little affected by temporary perturbations, as adaptations to physico-chemical stressors may directly affect the survival probability in divergent habitat types.
