These results match the previous finding that for detection of repetitive whisker deflections, temporal integration is a minor factor.
Although the temporal development of the deflection was reproducible, the relaxation times were highly variable throughout an experiment and between experiments.
In order to complement the deflection analysis with a temporal analysis we used global waveform analysis, an approach that preserves the temporal resolution of EEG (here, sampling frequency of 500 Hz) [ 18, 26].
The strength of adaptation was reduced (allowing steady-state firing rate to remain higher) if the sequence of deflections had a noisy temporal structure.
Temporal integration of short bursts of whisker deflections is limited to small integration windows, and even falls short of what is expected from simple probability summation (i.e., the probability to detect one of a number of single pulses presented in isolation) (Stüttgen and Schwarz 2010).
Grid choice constrained the stimulus temporal correlation structure: for the square grid example described above, any deflection with an eastward component (E, NE, or SE) was likely to be followed by a deflection with a westward component.
Previous MEG studies (Okamoto et al. 2009, 2012) also support this hypothesis by demonstrating that the temporal changes elicited significantly delayed auditory N1m responses, with a major deflection in the auditory evoked response having a latency of approximately 100 ms (Näätänen and Picton 1987), than those elicited by spectral changes.
Methods ranging from subjective to quasi-static loading to different approaches are discussed for deriving temporal mean and plus minus one standard deviation human corridors of time-varying fundamental responses and cross variables (e.g., force-deflection).
The intrinsic limit for the achievable temporal resolution of our proposed attosecond streak camera based on phase-dependent electron deflection is calculated as follows (laser power and phase fluctuations are not included in the calculations).
Furthermore, we noticed a second negative deflection peaking around 200 ms after stimulus onset (N1b) also revealing sensitivity to the temporal modulation of the sounds.
Here, with much higher temporal resolution, we also show that it occurs rapidly and in response to single electrical pulses or mechanical deflections of the whiskers.
