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From the beginning of his pontificate, Innocent also sought to establish papal temporal authority over Rome and the Papal States.
In 1247, Köden, younger brother of the khan Güyük, symbolically invested the Sa-skya lama with temporal authority over Tibet.
The Dalai Lama was given temporal authority over Tibet, which he continued to exercise, although real power remained in the hands of the Yuan (Mongol) and later Qing (Manchu) dynasties, until the communist Chinese took control of Tibet in the 20th century.
The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198 1216).
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These three forceful personalities methodically and efficiently consolidated the religious and temporal authority of the Dge-lugs-pa, establishing a unique joint control over the region by both Mongols and Tibetans.
In 1847 the religious leader James Jesse Strang took over the island for his Mormon colony, was crowned "king," established his "capital" at St. James, and exercised spiritual and temporal authority.
He became editor of two small periodicals that showed too much independence on sensitive topics like the temporal authority of the pope for the stomach of church authority.
His letters also suggest the partial assumption of temporal authority, being termed hukmnamas (loosely, "royal orders").
In 1300 the Orthodox metropolitan was established there, but in 1326 the church authority and in 1328 temporal authority were transferred to Moscow.
"He's undertaken reforms based on temporal authority," said Andy Rotherham, a former White House education advisor who now runs Bellwether Education Partners.
Many conservatives, especially senior clerics, believe their rule need not answer to mere temporal authorities, like the voters, because it is rooted in the principles of the Koran.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com