Delivering into cells designer nucleases alone or together with donor DNA templates, which serve as surrogate homologous recombination (HR) substrates, can result in gene knockouts or gene knock-ins, respectively.
Most methods for detecting complexes in cell tomograms rely on a template structure, which serves as a reference in searching for a similar pattern in the tomogram (e.g. Beck et al., 2009).
The target gene is cloned into the first vector carrying a selection marker, which serves as template.
These primers are used to synthesize PCR products directly from genomic DNA, which serves as template during the first stage of PCR amplification.
The microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for muscle cell differentiation and undergoes reorganisation into an array of paraxial microtubules, which serves as template for contractile sarcomere formation.
When a hepatocyte is infected endogenous repair enzymes convert rcDNA in a fully double-stranded, circular, and supercoiled DNA (cccDNA), which serves as template for transcription of HBV RNA.
The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for these processes (Bischoff and Holtzer, 1968; Holtzer et al., 1975; Toyama et al., 1982) and undergoes reorganisation into an array of paraxial microtubules (Warren, 1974), which serves as template for contractile sarcomere formation (Antin et al., 1981; Pizon et al., 2005).
The resulting nucleoprotein filament is responsible for pairing the ssDNA with homologous double-stranded DNA, which serves as the template to guide DSB repair18,19.
The template-assisted recombinatorial repair is essentially error-free but can take place when cells have already replicated their DNA which serves as a template, i.e. in late-S and G2 phase of the cell cycle.
DNA replicates by separating into two single strands, each of which serves as a template for a new strand.
