Precipitation, air temperature, evapotranspiration, land use and soil types are determined as the most important factors for estimating monthly groundwater recharge rates and nitrate loading with the developed approach.
Exclusion of temperature seasonality, land use, elevation and NDVI (mainly in November, January and June) resulted in the greatest deviations (Table 4).
A quality of life study conducted by Athens Clarke County, Georgia, used one cloud-free image, aerial photographs, and U.S. Census data to overlay biophysical (land surface temperature, NDVI, land use, and land cover) and socioeconomic layers (population density, per capita income, median home value, education) to create a quality of life indicator (Lo and Faber 1997).
This difference can be attributed primarily to urbanization effects that increase aquifer temperatures by land use changes, warm industrial water injection and sewage leaks.
The inter-relationships among viruses, vectors and vertebrate hosts are complex and dynamic and shaped by biotic (e.g., viral strain, vector genetics, host susceptibility) and abiotic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors.
Previous studies in China also demonstrated that the transmission of HFRS was influenced by such environmental elements as elevation, precipitation, temperature, vegetation type, land use, and ENSO (Bi et al. 1998; 2002; Yan et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2009).
Consequently, an analysis of grassland areas harvested once would probably display stronger dependencies on spring temperatures than the land use type being considered.
Briefly, malaria epidemics are linked to environmental changes and increased mean rainfall and ambient temperatures, changes in land use patterns, malaria vector dynamics, host immune status and individual or community factors such as socio-economic status, population movement, knowledge on malaria and protective behaviours [ 7, 10- 13].
Significant differences in temperature trends based on the surrounding land use were found for minimum temperature and temperature range in the 1970 2009 period indicating that data homogenization of the USHCN temperature data did not fully remove this influence.
