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Japan's corporate R&D spending represents roughly the same share of output as America's, but once information systems and computer-controlled machinery are taken into account, its total technology intensity is greater than America's.
To see the true impact of R&D spending, the OECD has concocted a new measure, "total technology intensity", which combines direct R&D spending by an industry with technology embodied in equipment such as computers purchased from other sectors.Such "acquired technology", it turns out, is at least as big as direct R&D in most economies.
This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding LCFs' technology strategy and predicting its outcome, then applies it to the cases of three Chinese firms in sectors at different levels of technology intensity.
Recent advances in radiotherapy technology – intensity modulated radiotherapy for generation of highly conformal dose distributions and image-guidance for precise treatment delivery – have made dose-escalated radiosurgery of spinal metastases possible and early results of pain and local tumor control are promising.
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With the development of radiotherapeutic equipment and computer technology, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been used for NPC and has improved outcome and reduced toxicity in the treatment of NPC [8]– [8]].
With this technology, the intensity of the light reaching the mirror glass from behind is measured by a tiny sensor; the mirror dims when electrical current is fed to a special coating on the mirror.
This study examines alternative organizational forms for EDI processing within organizations and evaluates them on several task performance indices including independence, saturation, and satisfaction, and also relates them to EDI effectiveness as a function of information technology (IT) intensity and length of EDI use.
9 18 In the 1970s, with the advent of laser technology, low intensity laser acupuncture (LA) emerged as a new modality of acupuncture and increased in popularity.
Helical tomotherapy is an advanced technology for intensity modulated radiotherapy using an image-guided, dynamic, therapy delivery system, which offers the potential for pretreatment megavoltage CT imaging.
For genotype data obtained with Invader or TaqMan technology, raw intensity counts were corrected with a negative control, and the ratio between the two signals (one colour for each allele) was used to call each genotype.
Although not permitted in the current study, newer RT technologies, including intensity modulated RT and image-guided RT, can improve the sparing of normal tissues, and thus increase the daily tumor dose without an increase in normal tissue toxicity.
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