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The social science techniques, the difference method, and the method described above all make the same assumptions about confounding if the direct and indirect effects are to be interpreted causally, although this is not always explicitly noted when these methods are used.
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Additionally, the Cervelotti study did not attempt to measure differences in their starting materials, nor differences in the processing methods used, since all of the chocolates produced would have used similar, but not identical, modern roasting and grinding techniques; the differences mainly being the scale of the manufacture.
In this technique, the difference for heat required for increasing the temperature of a sample and a reference is measured as a function of temperature.
In this technique, the difference of inductances of two identical coils wound outside a cylinder due to movement of piston inside it has been found to be linearly related with the displacement.
With this technique, the difference between the mean stability values of the macrostates configurations, resulting from optimizing predictability, and the place fields of [10] was 0.0126±0.0013 (mean ± standard deviation).
Their skiing techniques show the difference in their ages.
If we learned what techniques made the difference, we could even try to coach for them.
In the very first game, the male ninja fighters were essentially the same character; only the colors of their attire, fighting stance, and special techniques indicated the difference.
Serologic algorithms were not more cost-effective than the algorithms that included concentration techniques, but the difference in efficiency decreased at a higher prevalence.
For comparing the sensitivities of the DR and the dialysis bag technique, the differences in the membrane permeation rates were calculated.
However, given the precision of the Western blot technique, the differences in apparent molecular mass of PrPres for L-types are too small to be undoubtedly detected (0.3 and 0.8 kDa) [ 18, 33].
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