Usual investigation techniques study the phenomenon by analysing transmitted or reflected probe light directed on the film surface.
Since these techniques are increasingly popular, the goal of this special issue is to review and compare them, propose new techniques, study novel application fields, and to consider their implementations.
Biomechanical reports, animal and cadaver studies, in vitro studies, case reports, literature reviews, technical notes, letters to the editor, instructional courses, studies comparing different techniques, study protocols with no results, and studies of nonsurgical interventions were excluded.
"Estimating the body mass of an extinct animal from approximately 77 million years ago of this size from only its fossilized bones is extremely challenging and relies on the availability of certain data from living animals and modeling techniques," study co-author Dr. Karl Bates, a biology lecturer at the University of Liverpool in England, said in a written statement.
Widely applied techniques study the localization [5], [6], order of appearance [7], [8], dynamic properties [9] [11] and interaction partners of the proteins of interest [12], [13].
Data fields extracted included: operative techniques, study sample size, cohort age at surgery, sex, indications for surgery, implants used, assessment procedures and outcome measures, results, and follow-up period.
We've pored over bomb-making techniques, studied video, and zoomed in on photographs.
Leontief's book was translated into Russian; his techniques studied by Soviet planners.
The techniques they have employed, I was told, follow very closely the techniques studied and perfected by behavioral scientists working in a different capacity for the military since the Cold War.
Of the refutation techniques studied, flat-out denials were the most effective way to respond [pdf].
This complication had no connection with the surgical techniques studied.
