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Previous reports failed to identify PS87-α-synuclein-immunoreactive species by biochemical or immunohistochemical techniques in mouse models overproducing human α-synuclein and in brains from synucleinopathy patients, suggesting that PS87-α-synuclein is not involved in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative disorders associated with α-synuclein accumulation [2], [46].
Here, using immunostaining and blotting techniques in mouse NeuroD2-SmoA1 medulloblastomas, we detected very robust levels of PPARγ in the tumors as opposed to the adjacent non-tumor cerebellar tissues (Fig. 1a, b).
We generated two strains of mice with complementary half-deletions of the conserved Wbscr on mouse chromosome 5G2 by using chromosome-engineering techniques in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (Fig 1B).
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Similarly, Exelixis, a firm based in South San Francisco, is validating targets using knockout techniques in mice, zebrafish, worms and fruitflies.Once the biology of a target has been nailed down, a drug must be found that fits the target precisely.
Since then, Pereira-Smith's team has moved into using genetic techniques in mice to study whether and how senescence is regulated by MORF4 and related genes.
Using genetic techniques in mice, Knight et al. found that the mTOR complex can cause anemia if it is underactive or overactive.
Moreover, cell sorting techniques in mice are often complicated to reproduce in human patients due to differences in cell surface markers and the unavailability of sufficient sample material to extract significant numbers of cells.
These animals were originally generated by the Peles laboratory (Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel) through the replacement of the first exon of Caspr2 (Cntnap2) using gene-targeting techniques in mice with the imprinting control region (ICR) background (Poliak et al., 2003).
We demonstrate the robustness of this technique in mouse and chick forebrain development, and show evidence that CLoNe will be broadly applicable to study clonal relationships in different tissues and species.
A big step forward was taken with the establishment of the real-time bioluminescence imaging technique in mouse embryos, which constitutes a powerful tool to further study the mechanics of clock oscillation and regulation in vivo [ 49].
However, a key point in this hypothesis is challenged by in vivo findings of Ito and colleagues [ 163], who revealed, using the brain efflux index technique in mouse that simultaneous injection of receptor-associated protein (RAP) with radiolabelled Aβ failed to cause inhibition of Aβ efflux transport across the BBB.
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