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These techniques belong to the field of computational geometry a branch of algorithmics dealing with computation on geometric objects.
Among the existing approaches to detecting choroidal boundaries, graph-searching based techniques belong to the state-of-the-art.
All three techniques belong to the family of center-based clustering, and each have their own objective functions.
The last two methods showed that Fe nanoparticles, obtained by both techniques belong to metallic and/or carbide phases, and are partially encapsulated by graphitic carbon.
Most of the developed techniques belong to the family of fragile that means that the inserted watermark disappears when a modification has occurred to the watermarked image, thus revealing that data integrity has been compromised.
Actually, the above-mentioned two techniques belong to the class of regularization-based techniques that can make trade-offs between directivity and robustness by adding a proper regularization parameter to all the diagonal elements of the noise covariance matrix.
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Several prediction techniques belonging from both computational intelligence and statistical fields have been challenged in this task.
Techniques belonging to this category include (grooved) microchannel emulsification, straight-through microchannel emulsification, and EDGE (Edge-based Droplet GEneration).
Genetic algorithm is one of the most widely used artificial intelligent techniques belonging to the area of evolutionary computation.
Section 6 discusses several related works and highlights some specific techniques belonging to the class of sticky methods.
Probabilistic, nature-inspired optimization techniques belonging to this group of robust methods, as well as metamodel-driven and approximation-based optimization strategies, are discussed here.
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