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rTMS can be defined as a safe and non-invasive technique of brain stimulation which allows to specifically treat PD with low-frequency electromagnetic pulses [ 60].
rTMS is a non-invasive technique of brain stimulation based on electromagnetic induction [ 60]. rTMS has the potential to alter cortical excitability depending on the duration and mode of stimulation [ 61].
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Two studies investigated the effect of the method of loci, a mnemonic technique, on brain activation [ 18, 30].
Another advance is the technique of tracing brain waves to chart the patient's state of wakefulness, though there is debate about its usefulness.
This approach provides reproducibility and cellular resolution to the age-old and historically valuable technique of electrical brain stimulation [40 42].
Brain volume was measured from T1-weighted images via use of a seed-growing technique for brain tissue segmentation.
Furthermore, the most common clinical measurement techniques of the brain, electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), both represent the average activity of large groups of neurons and may therefore be better modeled by population equations.
Though two techniques of noninvasive brain stimulation — transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) — are becoming established tools for research in neuroscience and for some clinical applications, related techniques that also show some promising clinical results have not been developed at the same pace.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel technique of non-invasive brain stimulation which has been used to treat several neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, chronic pain and epilepsy.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a technique for the assay of brain neurochemistry in vivo.
The use of T2*-weighted gradient-echo (GE) MR imaging is currently the most sensitive neuroimaging technique for the identification of brain haemorrhage.
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