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Technical intelligence programs, from spy satellites to eavesdropping and code-breaking operations, also came in for tough criticism.
But officials say Mr. Hanssen also betrayed highly classified and tightly compartmentalized technical intelligence programs that were being used against the Russians in the United States.
Indeed, the record on the value of the intelligence gleaned from many of these high-cost technical intelligence programs is mixed, current and former officials say.
Former American intelligence officials said the loss of some highly sensitive technical intelligence programs raised nagging questions among investigators about whether there was yet another mole after Mr. Ames was arrested.
Other unexplained intelligence losses -- including other technical intelligence programs, as well as the 1989 disclosure to Moscow that the F.B.I. was conducting an espionage investigation of a State Department official, Felix S. Bloch -- also prompted officials to begin a new mole hunt, officials added.
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The most damaging was the apparent disclosure of an elaborate and costly technical intelligence program that focused on Russian activities in the United States, officials said.
Yet some officials said that the driving force behind the formation of the new counterespionage unit was the need to learn what had happened to the technical intelligence program; they believe that Mr. Hanssen's arrest may solve that mystery.
Air Force intelligence is headed by the director of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, who manages both technical and human intelligence programs.
In 1991, he managed a program intended to counter Soviet efforts to steal American scientific and technical intelligence.
Secret intelligence programs.
Washington decided to augment the available technical intelligence.
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