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The analysis of train control functions show that the lengths of block sections ensuring train protection are very important for the technical expenditure.
Tube and slit flow distributors that can be considered as mainly one-dimensional systems are analysed with respect to an optimal ratio of technical expenditure (pressure loss) and gain in polymer quality (reduction in residence time, i.e. in thermal degradation).
Ewers et al. reviewed 158 operations with successful use of IGS concluding that in the majority of cases, the medical benefit outweighed the technical expenditure [4].
IMS provides a high sensitivity (detection limits down to ng/L-range to pg/L-range, ppbv-range, and pptv-range) combined with high-speed data acquisition and relatively low technical expenditure.
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) provide high sensitivity (detection limits down to the picogram per litre and parts per trillion by volume range) combined with relatively low technical expenditure and high-speed data acquisition.
The major advantage of the MCC-IMS system is the feasibility of rapid measurements without pre-concentration or preparation of samples and analysis of complex gas mixtures regardless of the water vapour content in an online setup with relatively low technical expenditure.
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The highest authority coordinating activities in the field of research and deciding on technical expenditures and on navigational improvements is the Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources.
The coordinator is responsible for submitting annual technical and expenditure reports to the EDCTP.
The department's expenditure on "technical assistance" – funding to build knowledge and skills in recipient countries, deliver services and manage UK aid programmes – is particularly opaque, they said.
These approaches are promising, although both of them afford financial expenditure and technical infrastructure.
However, the situation could be improved with respect to the expenditure of technical divisions and field offices.
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