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Sorption of aliphatic polyhydroxy carboxylic acids (PHCA) onto mineral surfaces influences their fate in natural and technical compartments.
Concentrations were calculated for four environmental (air, soil, surface water, sediments) and two technical compartments (wastewater, solid waste) for the EU and Switzerland using probabilistic material flow modeling.
Here, we calculate the concentrations of five ENM (nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag, CNT and fullerenes) in environmental and technical compartments using probabilistic material-flow modelling.
The various surface and subsurface water bodies in urban environments can be viewed as interconnected compartments that are also extensively intertwined with a range of technical compartments of the urban water system.
Depending on the type and application of NP, they are either directly released into the environment, or indirectly via technical compartments and waste streams or enter in-use stock causing a delayed release [22, 30, 33 35].
In these models, the flows of ENM from production, use, and disposal through technical compartments to the environment are predicted and environmental concentrations are obtained assuming well-mixed environmental compartments.
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Our results allow a qualitative determination of the potential release of ENMs into technical or environmental compartments, with the highest potential release expected during recycling.
These models allow predicting the time-dependent material flow of specific NP (e.g. TiO2 NP) in technical systems and environmental compartments.
Here, use is made of the Diagonal Mesh Equivalent (DME) to solve the equivalent electrical circuit for the branch fluxes to be easily computed and related to the machine compartments of technical interest.
As a result, urban water systems are characterized by fluxes of water, solutes, gases and energy between contrasting compartments of a technical, natural or hybrid nature.
A technical description of the model including compartments, flows, variables and parameters can be found in the Appendix S1 and Figure S1.
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