PSHE covers multiple areas of health risk, eg drug use, chlamydia, obesity, prevention of sexual exploitation and violence, road safety and (most difficult for many teachers) promotion of mental health and resilience.
The fact sheets identify specific challenges facing women and children in each of Afghanistan's 34 provinces, and recommend key policy actions to improve their status – including recruitment of more female teachers, promotion of integrated health care at community level and support for vulnerable families to reduce the incidence of child labour.
Similarly, principal evaluations of teachers tend to be extraordinarily generous, in part due to the fact that the evaluations have little affect on a teacher's promotion or compensation.
Also, there is evidence of mutual respect by teachers for the ability of the learners and their efforts, with teachers actively promotion leadership skills, as well as the life skills of communication, and critical thinking.
On the second questionnaire, health professionals reported that the involvement of CHWs, community leaders and teachers in promotion activities was a successful strategy.
For example, it often complements skills-based health education led by teachers, condom promotion, youth-friendly health services and local media campaigns.
"By training teachers in hygiene promotion, UNICEF is promoting a child-friendly learning environment so that children themselves understand that unsafe water causes diseases such as cholera, which is endemic in Monrovia," said Kabuka Banda, UNICEF's Project Officer for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion.
But the other requests, for summer school, teacher recruitment and promotion programs, "look somewhat realistic," she said.
These are often referred to as high-stakes tests because of the impact that the results can have on student promotion, teacher evaluation, and school funding — and the stakes of the tests in New York this year may be pushed higher still.
The primary position of the central authority in educational administration was confirmed in the reform period between 1899 and 1914, however, when control of inspectors, effective control of primary teacher appointment and promotion, and stipulative control in fund granting went to the Department of Education.
