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Classroom dialogue typically evolves through rapid successions of teacher Initiation, student Response, and teacher Follow-up (IRF structure; c.f., Howe and Abedin 2013; Lyle 2008; Sinclair and Brazil 1982).
According to this pattern, each dialogic sequence usually starts with teacher initiation (mostly in the form of a question); this is followed by a response from a student (an answer to the question), and the sequence closes with a teacher evaluation of the response.
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Almost all lessons begin, as described above, with a teacher-led initiation (Knowledge as Truth, Instructional Activity (IA): Teacher-Dominated Talk, Procedural Talk, Procedural Knowledge Focus).
The beginning comprises some form of teacher direction (Curriculum Initiation), followed by the teacher and students' sharing of direction (Curriculum Collaboration/Negotiation) and ending with students' independent activity (Curriculum Closure).
All communities agree that the authority to initiate belongs only to a qualified spiritual guide (guru), usually a Brahman, who has previously received the special guru-diksha (initiation as a teacher) and is often regarded as representing God himself.
Kûkai's own teacher Hui-kuo halsolso received initiation under both lineages of these two major sûtras, and is credited with gathering together their teachings into one system.
In the third period (1992 1996), the crisis of teacher education was solved by the initiation of many projects for recruiting talented students to pursue teacher education.
TS: Talk sample; U: Utterance (talk turn); S: Student; T: Teacher; MCQ: Multiple choice question; IRF: Initiation-response-feedback; ELLS: Essential lifelong learning skills; MCAT Medicall college admissions test.
The ART initiation rate increased from 75 teachers in the quarter before the national roll-out to a maximum of 340 in the first quarter of 2006.
They were (a) the initiation of benchmark qualifications for all teachers of English, and (b) the specification of minimum language proficiency standards for teachers to attain professional qualification.
Furthermore, awareness of the teacher of tobacco control policies might help prevent smoking initiation of adolescents.
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