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To recognize faces, observers must identify unique sets of facial features - a taxing constraint on information extraction, which might modulate facial scanpaths.
This experimental control represents a taxing constraint for the face system and might partially account for the present observations, as the vast majority of studies on the other-race effect have relied on the use of identical pictures to assess face recognition performance.
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But if there is a tax constraint on policy you would expect that high-spending governments would eventually have to cut their coat to meet their cloth.
The crucial one was higher taxes, which virtually all Republicans opposed in 1990 and 1993, and budget controls that prevented tax cuts unless offset dollar-for-dollar with cuts in entitlement programs, which Republicans abandoned in 2002 so they could cut taxes without constraint.
The third condition is the tax revenue requirement constraint, graphically identified by the half-plane situated above the line.
Both parties have informally agreed that the main constraint on tax cuts and spending -- their pledge not to use any of the Social Security surplus -- should be set aside for the duration of the military and economic crisis.
Moreover, due to the incentive-compatible constraint, the tax scheme may additionally favour this individual as she may now see it profitable to impersonate those who have a bad health disposition in order to pay a smaller tax.
For years, foreign auction houses – including Sotheby's and Christie's – have operated without this constraint in tax-free Hong Kong, holding two series of sales each year, in spring and autumn.
Each was designed to minimise corporate taxes and regulatory constraints, such as limits on management compensation factors that used to discourage firms from going public.
In the optimisation strategy, the objective function is composed by three terms: freshwater cost, wastewater treatment cost and discharge taxes while the constraints are the balance equation of all the production units.
One would expect that greater voluntarism would lead to greater creation of value, particularly when CSR initiatives arise as the result of industry, tax, or regulatory constraints (Burke and Logsdon 1996, Husted and Allen 2009).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com