The Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance [ 44] between two trees T1 and T2 on the same set of n taxa measures the number of bipartitions that appear in only one of T1 or T2.
In selecting a set of imputation templates, we borrow the concept of "phylogenetic diversity", which, for a given subset of a larger set of taxa, measures the fraction of the total branch length of an evolutionary tree of the larger set that is included in the restriction of the tree to the taxon subset (Faith 1992; Nee and May 1997; Steel 2005).
Humans have the most anteriorly directed tibial arch angle, statistically distinct from all ape taxa measured in this study (p<0.001 for all comparisons).
The D-IV ratio was used for most comparisons, because it is the smallest claw in nearly all taxa measured, and has less variation in relative size among taxa.
Sequence composition of Mollusca within selected taxa measured using the disparity index (I D ), compositional distance (CD), GC content, gene length in base pairs (bp) and average branch lengths (brls) and their standard deviation.
Unlike coccolithophores, who experience a drop in fitness under ocean acidification conditions, other taxa measured thus far are initially insensitive or increase their growth rates in response to CO2 enrichment.
The fit between the fossil record (Table 2; Additional file 2: Table S2) and all minimum length trees recovered from the four parsimony analyses that included extinct taxa was measured by the modified Manhattan stratigraphic measure (MSM*) and the gap excess ratio (GER) (Additional file 2: Table S3).
Ectomycorrhizal fungi, epiphytes, birds, and wood-dependent beetles may be suitable indicator taxa for measuring the success of GTR.
Milk and milk component yield, milk FA profile, ruminal pH, and 11 rumen microbial taxa were measured every third day during recovery.
b, The distribution of convergence signal across 2,326 loci in 14 22 representative mammalian taxa, as measured by locus-wise mean site-specific likelihood support for the species topology (H0) over (left) the 'bat bat' hypothesis uniting echolocating bats (that is, ΔSSLS (H1)) and (right) bat dolphin hypothesis (that is, ΔSSLS (H2)).
In order to quantify growth rates in the sampled deer taxa, we measured non-remodelled cortical growth zones until the "virtual end of circumferential bone growth" [ 42].
