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Across many taxa, extinction risk has been shown to be a function of an extrinsic driver or threat (Jennings et al., 1998; Davies et al., 2006) and the corresponding life history and ecological traits: large body size (low intrinsic rate of population increase, high trophic level), small geographic range size, and ecological specialization.
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An insect common ancestor that predates the host lineage requires invoking extinctions of insect lineages on other plant taxa or extinctions of distantly related ancestral host taxa.
Woods suggests a reason for their extinction: "Taxa evolving in isolation on oceanic islands without competition or predators may not be able to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, such as the extensive climatic fluctuations of the Ice Ages or sudden competition or predation from introduced animals".
For extinctions, the per-taxon rate (rE) represents the number of taxa becoming extinct (NFL+NbL) divided by the total number of taxa (NTOT) within one interval.
Using literature published up to the end of 2009, the origination dates of known families were taken from their first appearance in the fossil record and extinction dates of extinct taxa from their last appearance.
For example, numerous authors have concluded that geographically widespread taxa appear to survive extinction events better than taxa with more limited distributions.
The radiation of early animals involved dramatic turnover of both eukaryotic life and marine environments, but the factors that drove origination and extinction of taxa remain controversial.
From the Late Miocene onwards these forests suffered changes due to the extinction of taxa, the impact of environmental change on the survivors, and the perturbations caused by the arrival of further Arctotertiary elements.
In 2008, 41% of all lemur taxa were threatened with extinction while 42% were classified on the IUCN Red List as "Data Deficient".
Such a result could be a consequence of the extinction of taxa of the earliest Caviomorpha radiations [ 112- 115].
Likewise, intense selection exerted by an invader may depress population sizes of the native taxa so greatly that extinction is more likely than adaptation.
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