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The present classification was adopted in the early 1970s, when the logic of phylogenetic systematics was beginning to be appreciated, and the taxonomy of the order Primates was reorganized so as to make taxa equivalent, as far as possible, to clades.
The typical body plan of arthropod higher-level taxa (equivalent to Linnaean classes and orders) is first manifested at the late germband stage.
The ITS data of Eddie et al [ 11] from taxa equivalent to fifteen of the eighteen mapped taxa (Table 5) provided 196 parsimony-informative characters from which a single most parsimonious tree of 716 steps (fig. 6b) was generated (CI = 0.69/0.60).
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Many authors have treated diplomonads and enteromonads as taxa of equivalent rank [ 3, 7, 28], implicitly or explicitly reflecting a widespread assumption that diplomonads and enteromonads are sister clades, or that enteromonads represent a paraphyletic group from which a monophyletic diplomonads group evolved [ 8, 28].
We determined taxa equal or equivalent to our taxa and performed analyses on just those taxa from the Eddie matrix (Table 5); only fifteen of our eighteen taxa were represented.
After the split, the two taxa developed functionally equivalent gustatory receptor proteins tuned for soluble chemicals: the GR in Arthropoda ("B" in fig. 7) and gustatory-GPCR in Vertebrata ("C" in fig. 7).
Here, we develop a generalized model of geographic barriers and use the known examples of ring species to evaluate the number and distribution of other barriers from around the world that are topographically similar and thus may be promoting ring speciation processes in equivalent taxa.
We present a newly dated pollen record from north-western fringes of the Pannonian Plain, east-central Europe, and reconstruct Holocene regional vegetation development by the REVEALS model for 27 pollen-equivalent taxa.
Phylogenetic analyses of species-level relationships provide strong support for the monophyly of a trans-Andean clade of three evolutionarily equivalent Rhamdia taxa: R. guatemalensis, R. laticauda, and R. cinerascens.
For the three representative taxa we simulated the equivalent of paired-end Illumina GBS reads from single diploid genomes.
Preliminary analyses based on this data set clearly support the monophyly of a group containing Orcula, Schileykula, Sphyradium and Orculella, with Orcula being the sister group to the other three genera (Harl et al. in prep .. Hence, all of these three genera represent equivalent outgroup taxa.
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