Sentence examples for taxa date from inspiring English sources

It can thus be safely assumed that some branches in the phylogenetic tree for these taxa date back to the early Tertiary, if not longer.

Bayesian-inferred coalescent phylogenies were produced in BEAST version 1.6.2 (http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk) by using the generalized time reversible substitution model with invariable sites and a gamma distribution with applied taxa dates, an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model, and Bayesian Skyline prior constraints (31 ).

Phylogenetic data provide a framework for making more appropriate intergenomic comparisons, by determining whether chromosomal duplications within taxa pre-date or post-date divergence among taxa [ 65].

This study is the largest test of the relationships of these taxa to date and utilized many characters that had never before been applied to members of the Ferae in a cladistic context.

This study provides the most inclusive phylogeny of ariid taxa to date and a resource for future classifications and other comparative studies in the family.

Though they did not sample multiple ruminant taxa, they date the origin of Cetruminantia (ruminants plus hippos and whales) to a minimum divergence of 50 Ma, close to Meredith et al.'s 55 ± 2 Ma, and significantly younger than Hassanin et al.'s estimates of 69.7 ± 9.4 Ma.

Some phylogeographical studies of birds have dealt with groups of closely related species with extensive north-south distributions from the taiga to temperate forests in central China and the Himalayas, and some of these have found relatively deep divergences between boreal and more southern taxa, which date back to the Pliocene or early Pleistocene [ 42- 44].

Next, using the estimated Neomys-specific rates for each locus in an isolation-with-migration model, the split time for these sister taxa was dated at 0.40 Myr ago (with a 95%% confidence interval of 0.26 – 0.86 Myr), likely coinciding with one of the major glaciations of the Middle Pleistocene.

In reflection of the lack of certainty surrounding fossil dates, for example, divergence of taxa often pre-dates their first appearance in the fossil record [ 153], fossils maybe incorrectly assigned to extant taxa [ 154], and strata in which fossils formed may be eroded and subsequently overlain (leading to incorrect dating [ 155, 156]), a wide time interval was used for each prior.

However, unlike the other taxa studied to date, mammalian reproduction is complicated and highly specialized.

The taxa identified to date show high biodiversity and a large number of previously undescribed species.