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Other than the 3 bird species mentioned, the remaining bird species carry at least one functional Tas2r, indicating that the bitter taste function is retained in 45 birds.
Donaldson's team also wanted to investigate whether these changes in taste function occur up in the brain or on the tongue.
That experience set me on the professional path of studying the neural bases of taste function and ingestion on which I remain to this day.
This review article offers a heuristic for the organization of taste function and encourages greater coordination between behavioral and neurobiological approaches to the problem of understanding gustatory processes in the nervous system.
Still, though it might strike some as odd that a carnivorous animal can't taste meat -- or perhaps anything at all, given penguins' reduction in taste function both at an anatomical and sensory level -- researchers say that a lack of taste is likely not such a big deal for the birds: penguins swallow their food without chewing.
Bioinformatics analyses identified hundreds of genes predicted to encode multi-transmembrane domain proteins with no previous association with taste function.
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These presumably mediate the many "taste" functions in this freshwater crustacean.
The taste functions were assessed using an ascending-series staircase methodology.
Additionally, damage to sensory nerves such as the chorda tympani can cause disturbances in taste functions [ 24].
Additionally, our findings identify a need to distinguish and quantify chemosensory dysfunction in cancer patients based on sensitivity to basic tastes and metallic stimuli, as the latter is dominated by retronasal smell rather than taste functions.
Two sour taste marker genes (Pkd1l3 and Pkd2l1), the expression of which is indispensable in sour taste functioning, encode the transient receptor potential channel members that were proposed to function as candidate sour taste receptors (Huang et al. 2006; Ishimaru et al. 2006).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com