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First, the crowding effect in PCA could not be attributable to a generic 'dementia effect' as individuals with typical Alzheimer's disease showed no difference compared to healthy controls in their accuracy on any of the flanked letter identification tasks, and estimates of disease severity could not account for the magnitude of the spacing effect.
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Have a single "user authentication" task, and estimate that.
They say that current technologies are almost up to the task, and estimate that it could cost under 500,000 euros to build a prototype.
To further test this hypothesis, we examined the accuracy of performance on an individual basis by fitting a psychometric curve (cumulative Gaussian function similar to Figure 1B ) to the responses of each subject, once in trials with and then in trials without the distracting task, and estimating the width of the psychometric curve in each case.
We have been able to demonstrate that there is a relationship between measures of conscientiousness in routine tasks and independent estimates of professionalism made independently by faculty and student peers.
In this experiment, the number of CVS items was either 4 or 8 in order to allow us to determine the difficulty of the CVS task and to estimate the "set-size effect".
These are no small tasks, and analysts estimate that achieving the SDGs will cost between $3.3 and $4.5 trillion per year in investment, aid, and state spending.
In the remainder of this section, we analyze the assignment of a single type of tasks (V=1) and estimate a bound of the number of servers required to comply with the maximum response time.
Eleven participants were replaced because they misunderstood the task and gave estimates of the "speed of sound" that were over 600 mph.
Three participants were eliminated from the analysis of Experiment 1 because they misunderstood the task and gave estimates of the "speed of sound" that were all more than 600 mph.
Some studies have inferred mind-wandering indirectly, by varying task demands to influence the probability of task-unrelated thoughts and estimating the frequency of mind-wandering episodes by collecting data outside the scanner [7], [8], [11], [14], [15], [40].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com