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We used a comprehensive neuropsychological battery comprised of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Iowa Gambling Task, Trail Making Test Parts A and B (TMT), and the Hayling Sentence Completion Task (HCST).
Note also that performance on standard neuropsychological tests (e.g. Stroop task, trail making) demonstrate that our patients' executive functions were not consistently impaired (Table 1), implying that their deficit is unlikely to originate from executive dysfunction such as inhibiting responses.
This has been shown for the speed of information processing [ 3- 5], executive functions such as performance in Eriksen flanker task, Trail making test, or Stroop interference [ 6, 7], enhanced cognitive flexibility [ 8], and mnemonic functions such as working memory [ 9, 10], or long term memory [ 11- 13].
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Decreased executive functioning abilities on switching and inhibition tasks (Trails Making Test B and Stroop Task, resp).
Among the entire sample, a race interaction was observed in Digit Symbol Substitution Task and Trail Making Test Part B (both P<0.15).
See Methods section for included tests Executive function: Task switching: Trail Making Test –Part B [ 70]; Inhibition of prepotent responses: Stroop Color-Word Test [ 71]; Updating working memory: Digit Span Backward from the WAIS-III.
We also administered attention tasks, the Trail Making Test (TMT) that relies primarily on attentional set-shifting and the Kana (Japanese syllabogram) Pick-out Test instead primarily depending on depleted attention resources for allocation.
Yet it leans heavily on volunteers to help with the daily tasks, a trail mix of domestic chores (cleaning pens, prepping food, building repairs) and into-the-wild duties (feeding the big cats, walking the anteater and caracal, sleeping with the baby baboons).
Executive functioning was assessed with the Stroop Interference Task and Trails A & B tests.
We tested both verbal and visual STM and WM, had a measure of phonological decoding, two measures of non-verbal intelligence (Raven's CPM and WISC Block Design), tests of executive functioning and task switching (Trail-making A and B).
Tests used to assess cognitive flexibility in children include the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Stroop Color-Word test (Stroop task), and the Trail Making Test Part B (Trails-B).
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