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The overall task requirements, to maximize earned reward and to select from two constant actions, were unchanged.
Due to the simplicity of the task, this study was, however, unable to provide clear evidence as to whether the dogs' successful performance was based on the cognitive ability of behavioural coordination, namely the capacity to link task requirements to the necessity of adjusting one's actions to the partner's behaviour.
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They will need to understand how to communicate the tasks' requirements to those experts and how best to motivate those experts to work together effectively.
Response format was kept maximally similar across tasks allowing comparisons between tasks, i.e. differences could be traced back to different task requirements not to different response formats.
To familiarize participants with task requirements and to reduce training effects during fMRI acquisition, participants had to solve 36 addition problems before being examined in the scanner.
This served to familiarise subjects with task requirements and to attenuate any practice effects.
Our findings show that regions of the intrinsic system were more active during attribution of a viewed movement to self than to another person (see Figure 6) even when the stimuli and task requirements pertaining to the "responded-self" and "responded-other" conditions were precisely identical (Figure 9).
Subjects were familiarized with task requirements prior to each test (using example stimuli not administered during the subsequent assessment).
With such a protocol, performance at different levels of categorization can be compared on the same sets of images and the effects observed can be confidently attributed to task requirements and not to image bias.
The task became increasingly difficult as the size of n and participants' cognitive load (the number of items that had to be maintained in mind to fulfill the task requirements)—increased, and to compensate, the participants had to concentrate harder.
For two subjects, therefore, the extracted tools first used to probe for food were picked with some sensitivity to the task requirements (the third subject appeared to learn which tools to pick), but were still frequently too short to reach the food, indicating that the subjects did not anticipate the precise length of tool that was required.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com