From Indonesia to West Africa to the Caribbean and Central America, poor countries have frequently cut farm assistance programs and lowered tariffs to balance budgets and avoid charging high prices to urban consumers.
The federal government's imposition of steep tariffs last year on Chinese conventional panels helped, but the industry had waited so late to apply for the tariffs that balance sheets had already been crippled with accumulated losses and investors had lost interest.
The design of municipal water tariffs requires balancing multiple criteria such as financial self-sufficiency for the service provider, equity among customers, and economic efficiency for society.
The outcome is a set of equilibrium sectoral tariff rates that balances the power of the lobbies and the efficiency losses in different industries.
With a balancing tariff those goods won't undermine democray's good wages and protections, and undermine the tax base along with them.
Belgium and Luxembourg thereby had the same customs tariff and a single balance of payments since 1921.
This tariff design should find a balance between tariff principles related to costs, practicality and social acceptability on the one hand, and the resulting demand response incentive on the other.
Detractors of PPPs argue that the private sector's quest for profit leads to tariff increases, but being able to balance the books is essential to make the sector sustainable, says Holloway.
Baseball teams can spend whatever they like, but the so-called "competitive balance tax" adds a tariff to payrolls above a certain level.
Firstly, a balance between the water tariff level, profits of investor and governmental subsidies is required.
