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Here we show that UL141 binds multiple TRAIL DRs through ectodomain interactions, suppressing their cell-surface expression and protecting cells from TRAIL and NK-cell-mediated NK-cell-mediated NK-cell-mediatedesvirus protein that directly target TRAIL receptors.
Interestingly, this differs from the mechanism used by adenovirus E3 region proteins, which target TRAIL DRs for lysosomal degradation (Benedict et al., 2001).
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Recombinant TRAIL or monoclonal antibodies targeting TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-Rs) are currently being tested in phase I/II clinical trials for patients with advanced tumours.
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Thus, we generated new TRAIL fusion proteins containing an antibody fragment (single-chain Fv fragment (scFv)) for targeting TRAIL to the tumor to enrich the therapeutic at the tumor site and to enhance its specific bioactivity.
In addition to TRAIL, other methods of targeting TRAIL receptors have been proposed as cancer therapeutics.
Therefore, targeting TRAIL and raising agonistic monoclonal antibodies directed against TRAIL receptor 1 or 2 have emerged as promising therapeutic approaches in cancer [ 8].
Therefore, cancer types where the presence of Tregs is of poor prognosis could be preferential targets for CD70-targeted TRAIL fusion proteins.
Preclinical reports of the potential for hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity raised initial concerns about the tolerability of the agent in humans and delayed trials targeting TRAIL pathways in patients with cancer.
Apart from dulanermin, several agonistic TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2-specific antibodies have entered clinical trials with one of them (mapatumumab) targeting TRAIL-R1 and all others (conatumumab, lexatumumab, tigatuzumab and drozitumab, LBY-135) targeting TRAIL-R2.
However, increased valency may increase the toxicity of second generation TRAIL-R agonists, and a recent phase I clinical trial with a tetravalent agonistic Nanobody targeting TRAIL-R2, TAS266, had to be halted at the lowest dose owing to hepatotoxicity.
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