The brain tissue contains large amounts of oxidizable substrates such as polyunsaturated fatty acids which are the main target of ROS causing LPO [ 35].
It is well recognised that inhibition of mTOR (the molecular target of everolimus) causes a decrease in cell size [ 26], because cell cycle progression is blocked at G1 thus inhibiting protein synthesis and cell growth.
At the cellular level, protein synthesis and ion-pumping through Na,K-ATPase represent key targets of hypoxia causing energy reallocation [ 33].
In this case, metformin could reduce cancer incidence by enhancing the insulin sensitivity of insulin target tissues, causing normalization of blood glucose and reducing hyper-secretion of insulin from pancreatic β cells.
The altered metabolic milieu in severe CKD affects the secretion of hormones and the hormone-induced response of target tissues, causing endocrine dysfunctions [ 20].
The negative regulatory effect of miRNAs in animals occurs by imperfect complementarity to the 3′UTR of the target, causing suppression of protein translation through an RNA-induced silencing complex pathway (Esquela-Kerscher and Slack, 2006).
In E. coli, RyhB binds to complementary sequences of target mRNAs, causing their degradation in an RNaseE- and Hfq-dependent manner [23], [24], [25].
Increased proteolysis of newly synthesized proteins will result in reduced amounts and, in consequence, reduced activities of target proteins causing physiological imbalance and finally cell death.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that generally base pair within the 3′ untranslated (3′UTR) region of target mRNAs, causing translational inhibition and/or mRNA degradation.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that bind to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs, causing translational repression and/or messenger degradation [ 4].
