The control reduces the error from the target force and improves the response speed.
Red, blue, and green lines represent target force, the measured force, and estimated force, respectively.
Figure 9 shows the results of the two controllers for several conditions of target force: square wave and single-sided sine wave in different amplitudes.
The control gains are calculated to track a target force reference through the estimation of the robot base state and the interacting environment stiffness.
The level of target force (5 and 20% of maximum voluntary force) and the time interval between visual feedback (20 ms, 320 ms and 740 ms) were manipulated.
Otherwise, if ε ec equals ( overline{{varepsilon_{cu} }} ) or ε es equals 0.05, the target force and resultant moment are recorded as a point on the failure surface for the amount of eccentricity and angle α used.
Twenty-five children aged between 7 and 17 years with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and 21 non-alcohol exposed control children attempted to duplicate a visually represented target force by pressing on a load cell.
When target force above the force required for strong interparticulate bond formation, the resultant high RFA contributed to more pronounced air entrapment, uneven force distribution, and consequently, stratified densification in compact together with high viscoelastic recovery.
Because target contraction intensities did not account for gravity, data below 20% of maximal target force in some cases (n = 16 for 5%, n = 6 for 10%, and n = 1 for 20% of target intensity) corresponded to neck flexion torques below zero.
Significant relations were found between the parameters of the ramp-and-hold lip force task and target force level, including the peak rate of force change (dF/dtmax), peak force, and the criterion percentage of force within ±5% of target during the contraction hold phase.
The standard deviation of force in the three directions and the agonist EMG amplitude increased with target force (p < .045), while the coefficient of variation of force and total excursions of the center of pressure showed maximal values at low target forces, reaching a plateau at moderate forces.
