The complex Granger causality between a group and a target signal can be affected by the original signals' cross-correlations.
Because the in vivo actions of diarylheptanoid (D3) appear to be selective for ERα, the potential target tissues that can be affected include any tissues that predominantly express ERα, not merely the reproductive system.
As each cell type is able to express multiple isoforms of TCF7L2 the combination of long repressory and short activating variants of TCF7L2 adds even more complexity to the signaling events, thus target gene expression can be affected in many different ways [ 37, 42].
Similarly, targeting of dose can be affected significantly when organs move over the course of therapy (Wang et al, 2011).
Direct targets of miRNAs can be affected at the mRNA level as a result of mRNA degradation or at the protein level by translation inhibition.
Instead of exposing the cells to lysates, which offer complex cocktail of different antigens, more targeted immune response can be affected by pulsation of the dendritic cells with purified tumor-associated peptides such as IL13R α2, EGFRvIII, or gp100.
However, it has been shown that targeting of fusion proteins can be affected by the context of the N-terminal sequence with the GFP sequence [ 28, 29].
In addition to the effect of direct TF-target relationships, the regulatory network can be affected by the associated modules particularly when the target genes are in the same metabolic process.
Much evidence has confirmed that microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate gene expression by sequence-specific binding to target mRNAs, but the binding affinity can be affected by SNPs residing in miRNA target sites, which may in turn affect the ability of miRNA to inhibit the mRNA translation into proteins or lead to degradation of the mRNA [ 34].
Lawmakers did not directly target senior citizens, but seniors can be affected if they live in one of several states that used a federal heating assistance program to boost SNAP benefits.
