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At Cologne emphasis was immediately placed on electronically generated sounds rather than concrete sounds and on electronic sound modifications such as filtering and modulating rather than tape manipulation.
To this Paris group certainly belongs the credit both for originating the concept of tape music as such and for demonstrating how effective certain types of tape manipulation can be in transforming sounds.
'Early electronic music,' explains Mark Ayres, a friend and fellow Doctor Who composer, 'was random atmospheres and sounds generated by electronic equipment, or sounds created by tape manipulation - recorded, looped, re-pitched, and physically cut to create music.
Using the facilities at The Manor, Virgin's residential studio in Oxfordshire, Henry Cow relied on tape manipulation and improvisation to complete Unrest, on which Cooper shone despite having just had her wisdom teeth extracted.
While the composers associated with this studio used many of the same techniques of tape manipulation as did the French group, they favoured electronically generated rather than natural sound sources.
The band has an intense but unostentatious singer and guitarist in Jeremy Earl, and an inscrutable linchpin in G. Lucas Crane, who spent the entire show on the floor, kneeling over a mess of equipment, engaged in his usual practice of analog tape manipulation and effects-treated background vocals.
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And Iannis Xenakis used acoustic sounds in his composed tape manipulations.
Mr. Rautavaara's tape manipulations are fascinating, especially in the haunting canon of the second movement, where the orchestra takes a supporting role.
The arrangements on "From a Basement on the Hill" also echo Beatles methods, from the perfectly lumbering, Ringo-style drumming to the canopies of oohing and aahing vocal harmony, from the sudden shifts of dynamics and tape manipulations to the decoy introductions and unexpectedly expansive codas.
Most disturbing of all, though, are Bad Trip's two and a half minutes of hell and the head-wrecking tape-manipulation genius of the title track, which has to be heard to be believed.
Feedback, static and tape-loop manipulation are only a few of his tools.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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