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Log-energy 1D-DCT 2D-DCT Haar wavelet T F TF Table 6 Inverse tangent norm of the tampering using a fixed bit-rate for the hash signature of 200 bps.
This effect is partially alleviated using the inverse tangent norm, as shown in Tables 6 and 7. Table 4 -norm of the tampering using a fixed bit-rate for the hash signature of 200 bps.
Log-energy 1D-DCT 2D-DCT Haar wavelet T F TF Table 5 -norm of the tampering using a fixed bit-rate for the hash signature of 400 bps.
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Kirchner et al. proposed the concept of detecting photo tampering using the camera preview or the camera motion [16].
Rather, the document itself is designed to carry fragments of its history, protected from tampering using hashing and public-key encryption.
No-reference approaches detect tampering using only the tested picture, i.e. they do not require any information from the original content.
To test this, the current study measured 1) three-dimensional thoracic and lumbar spine posture using electromagnetic sensors adhered over the spine; 2) force applied to the tamper using a force plate; and 3) risk of upper limb injury using RULA and the Strain Index while tamping with a traditional vertical handle tamper and a flat handle-less tamper.
Imaizumi et al. [24] detect and locate tampered areas in images using a reversible data hiding and a low cost scheme with efficiently multiplexed layers.
Not entirely sure about that choice of the word "injected" – I'm now picturing Robin tampering furtively with the product using a big syringe.
Log-energy 1D-DCT 2D-DCT Haar wavelet T F TF. To have a visual insight of the effect of different bases in the tampering reconstruction, we have drawn in Figure 5 the log-energy spectrum of the original audio signal and of the frequency-localized (F) tampering, followed by the log-energy spectrum of the tampering reconstructed in two different domains using a hash rate of 200 bps.
In sixty of them, teachers were asked to have a photograph taken of themselves, with their students, at the start and the end of each school day, using a tamper-proof camera that time-stamped each image.
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