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Assuming a JPEG image is saved in JPEG format after being tampered, the un-tampered region usually has different compression history from the tampered region(s).
Ideally if the nodes have not been tampered the Fig. 9b, c would reflect the same readings.
To detect if a picture region is lost or tampered, the extracted watermark is compared with the corresponding "host" content.
On the other hand, if the image is tampered, the structural similarity between host and restored blocks are lower.
Consequently, if either the provenance or the data are tampered, the BS is able to detect such an unauthorized modifications.
But if the values reported by the nodes are tampered, or if the nodes are physically tampered; the sink node will fail to function.
For example if this region of watermarked image is cropped or tampered, the whole watermark is removed and the extraction procedure cannot find any watermark in the test image (see Section 4.3).
A hash is a cryptographic fingerprint of a file; if someone has tampered the file at all, those hashes won't match.
This might have tampered the SUS score.
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"We have found no evidence to support tampering," the official said.
To prevent such tampering the law is framed and its penalties adjusted.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com