About 400 code talkers used the cipher to relay messages sent from field telephones and radios throughout the Pacific.
Post hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that talkers used significantly fewer variants in realizing 入 jíp than 如 jû (p < .05), and mid proficiency speakers were near-significantly more variable than their high proficiency counterparts (p = .07).07
The more variants a talker used, the less consistent he/she was in /dz/ realization.
In line with this, Brungart, Simpson, Ericson, and Scott (2001) showed that providing a priori information about the target talker by using the same talker in a block of trials helped to prevent different-sex, but not same-sex confusions (errors where the reported color and number in the CRM task were uttered by a different-sex or same-sex interferer, respectively).
This research used 12 listeners to compare speech intelligibility of bone conduction to that of air conduction in multi-talker noise using signal-to-noise (SN) ratios of −6, −9, and −12 dB.
Festen and Plomp (1990) also compared different-sex with same-talker interference using a sentence intelligibility task and observed an SRT difference of no less than 6 10 dB.
Post hoc analyses confirmed this observation and indicated that high-level talkers indeed used more [G] than their mid-level counterparts (p = .001).001
Although there seemed to be a trend for mid-level talkers to use [L] more often than their high-level counterparts, it was found only in specific vowel environments in the two dialects.
On the far right: the shouters shouting down other people who wish to speak at town meetings, whacko "birthers," and liars inventing "death panels" and obscenely and recklessly mentioning Adolph Hitler and Nazi symbols to scare people; irresponsible radio and TV talkers who use hate words and name-calling as a substitute for debating the issues civilly; and.
Six different male talkers were used, one for each of the six noise locations; these locations were fixed at ±30°, ±90°, and ±150° relative to the participant's head angle as measured at the start of each trial (Fig. 1).
